c-resources/CPlusPlus20ForProgrammers-master/examples/libraries/fmt/doc/api.rst

.. _string-formatting-api:

*************
API Reference
*************

The {fmt} library API consists of the following parts:

* :ref:`fmt/core.h <core-api>`: the core API providing main formatting functions
  for ``char``/UTF-8 with compile-time checks and minimal dependencies
* :ref:`fmt/format.h <format-api>`: the full format API providing additional
  formatting functions and locale support
* :ref:`fmt/ranges.h <ranges-api>`: formatting of ranges and tuples
* :ref:`fmt/chrono.h <chrono-api>`: date and time formatting
* :ref:`fmt/compile.h <compile-api>`: format string compilation
* :ref:`fmt/color.h <color-api>`: terminal color and text style
* :ref:`fmt/os.h <os-api>`: system APIs
* :ref:`fmt/ostream.h <ostream-api>`: ``std::ostream`` support
* :ref:`fmt/printf.h <printf-api>`: ``printf`` formatting
* :ref:`fmt/xchar.h <xchar-api>`: optional ``wchar_t`` support 

All functions and types provided by the library reside in namespace ``fmt`` and
macros have prefix ``FMT_``.

.. _core-api:

Core API
========

``fmt/core.h`` defines the core API which provides main formatting functions for
``char``/UTF-8 with compile-time checks. It has minimal include dependencies for
better compile times. This header is only beneficial when using {fmt} as a
library and not in the header-only mode.

The following functions use :ref:`format string syntax <syntax>`
similar to that of Python's `str.format
<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_.
They take *fmt* and *args* as arguments.

*fmt* is a format string that contains literal text and replacement
fields surrounded by braces ``{}``. The fields are replaced with formatted
arguments in the resulting string. A function taking *fmt* doesn't
participate in an overload resolution if the latter is not a string.

*args* is an argument list representing objects to be formatted.

.. _format:

.. doxygenfunction:: format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::string
.. doxygenfunction:: vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string

.. doxygenfunction:: format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt
.. doxygenfunction:: format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt, const T&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt>
.. doxygenfunction:: formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> size_t

.. doxygenstruct:: fmt::format_to_n_result
   :members:

.. _print:

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args)

.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::FILE *f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
.. doxygenfunction:: vprint(std::FILE *f, string_view fmt, format_args args)

Compile-time Format String Checks
---------------------------------

Compile-time checks are enabled when using ``FMT_STRING``. They support built-in
and string types as well as user-defined types with ``constexpr`` ``parse``
functions in their ``formatter`` specializations.

.. doxygendefine:: FMT_STRING

To force the use of compile-time checks, define the preprocessor variable
``FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING``. When set, functions accepting ``FMT_STRING``
will fail to compile with regular strings. Runtime-checked
formatting is still possible using ``fmt::vformat``, ``fmt::vprint``, etc.

Named Arguments
---------------

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::arg(const S&, const T&)

Named arguments are not supported in compile-time checks at the moment.

Argument Lists
--------------

You can create your own formatting function with compile-time checks and small
binary footprint, for example (https://godbolt.org/z/oba4Mc):

.. code:: c++

    #include <fmt/format.h>

    void vlog(const char* file, int line, fmt::string_view format,
              fmt::format_args args) {
      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
      fmt::vprint(format, args);
    }

    template <typename S, typename... Args>
    void log(const char* file, int line, const S& format, Args&&... args) {
      vlog(file, line, format,
          fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format, args...));
    }

    #define MY_LOG(format, ...) \
      log(__FILE__, __LINE__, FMT_STRING(format), __VA_ARGS__)

    MY_LOG("invalid squishiness: {}", 42);

Note that ``vlog`` is not parameterized on argument types which improves compile
times and reduces binary code size compared to a fully parameterized version.

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::make_args_checked(const S&, const remove_reference_t<Args>&...)

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::make_format_args(const Args&...)

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::format_arg_store
   :members:

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store
   :members:

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_args
   :members:

.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::format_args

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_arg
   :members:

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_context
   :members:

.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::format_context

Compatibility
-------------

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_string_view
   :members:

.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::string_view

Locale
------

All formatting is locale-independent by default. Use the ``'L'`` format
specifier to insert the appropriate number separator characters from the
locale::

  #include <fmt/core.h>
  #include <locale>

  std::locale::global(std::locale("en_US.UTF-8"));
  auto s = fmt::format("{:L}", 1000000);  // s == "1,000,000"

.. _format-api:

Format API
==========

``fmt/format.h`` defines the full format API providing additional formatting
functions and locale support.

.. _udt:

Formatting User-defined Types
-----------------------------

To make a user-defined type formattable, specialize the ``formatter<T>`` struct
template and implement ``parse`` and ``format`` methods::

  #include <fmt/format.h>

  struct point { double x, y; };

  template <> struct fmt::formatter<point> {
    // Presentation format: 'f' - fixed, 'e' - exponential.
    char presentation = 'f';

    // Parses format specifications of the form ['f' | 'e'].
    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
      // [ctx.begin(), ctx.end()) is a character range that contains a part of
      // the format string starting from the format specifications to be parsed,
      // e.g. in
      //
      //   fmt::format("{:f} - point of interest", point{1, 2});
      //
      // the range will contain "f} - point of interest". The formatter should
      // parse specifiers until '}' or the end of the range. In this example
      // the formatter should parse the 'f' specifier and return an iterator
      // pointing to '}'.

      // Parse the presentation format and store it in the formatter:
      auto it = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
      if (it != end && (*it == 'f' || *it == 'e')) presentation = *it++;

      // Check if reached the end of the range:
      if (it != end && *it != '}')
        throw format_error("invalid format");

      // Return an iterator past the end of the parsed range:
      return it;
    }

    // Formats the point p using the parsed format specification (presentation)
    // stored in this formatter.
    template <typename FormatContext>
    auto format(const point& p, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
      // ctx.out() is an output iterator to write to.
      return format_to(
          ctx.out(),
          presentation == 'f' ? "({:.1f}, {:.1f})" : "({:.1e}, {:.1e})",
          p.x, p.y);
    }
  };

Then you can pass objects of type ``point`` to any formatting function::

  point p = {1, 2};
  std::string s = fmt::format("{:f}", p);
  // s == "(1.0, 2.0)"

You can also reuse existing formatters via inheritance or composition, for
example::

  enum class color {red, green, blue};

  template <> struct fmt::formatter<color>: formatter<string_view> {
    // parse is inherited from formatter<string_view>.
    template <typename FormatContext>
    auto format(color c, FormatContext& ctx) {
      string_view name = "unknown";
      switch (c) {
      case color::red:   name = "red"; break;
      case color::green: name = "green"; break;
      case color::blue:  name = "blue"; break;
      }
      return formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
    }
  };

Since ``parse`` is inherited from ``formatter<string_view>`` it will recognize
all string format specifications, for example

.. code-block:: c++

   fmt::format("{:>10}", color::blue)

will return ``"      blue"``.

You can also write a formatter for a hierarchy of classes::

  #include <type_traits>
  #include <fmt/format.h>

  struct A {
    virtual ~A() {}
    virtual std::string name() const { return "A"; }
  };

  struct B : A {
    virtual std::string name() const { return "B"; }
  };

  template <typename T>
  struct fmt::formatter<T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<A, T>::value, char>> :
      fmt::formatter<std::string> {
    template <typename FormatCtx>
    auto format(const A& a, FormatCtx& ctx) {
      return fmt::formatter<std::string>::format(a.name(), ctx);
    }
  };

  int main() {
    B b;
    A& a = b;
    fmt::print("{}", a); // prints "B"
  }

If a type provides both a ``formatter`` specialization and an implicit
conversion to a formattable type, the specialization takes precedence over the
conversion.

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_format_parse_context
   :members:

Literal-based API
-----------------

The following user-defined literals are defined in ``fmt/format.h``.

.. doxygenfunction:: operator""_format(const char *s, size_t n) -> detail::udl_formatter<char> 

.. doxygenfunction:: operator""_a(const char *s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char>

Utilities
---------

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(T p) -> const void*
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T> &p) -> const void*
.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T> &p) -> const void*

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_string(const T &value) -> std::string

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_string_view(const Char *s) -> basic_string_view<Char>

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(Range &&range, string_view sep) -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>>

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel>

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::detail::buffer
   :members:

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_memory_buffer
   :protected-members:
   :members:

System Errors
-------------

{fmt} does not use ``errno`` to communicate errors to the user, but it may call
system functions which set ``errno``. Users should not make any assumptions
about the value of ``errno`` being preserved by library functions.

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::system_error

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_system_error

Custom Allocators
-----------------

The {fmt} library supports custom dynamic memory allocators.
A custom allocator class can be specified as a template argument to
:class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer`::

    using custom_memory_buffer = 
      fmt::basic_memory_buffer<char, fmt::inline_buffer_size, custom_allocator>;

It is also possible to write a formatting function that uses a custom
allocator::

    using custom_string =
      std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, custom_allocator>;

    custom_string vformat(custom_allocator alloc, fmt::string_view format_str,
                          fmt::format_args args) {
      auto buf = custom_memory_buffer(alloc);
      fmt::vformat_to(std::back_inserter(buf), format_str, args);
      return custom_string(buf.data(), buf.size(), alloc);
    }

    template <typename ...Args>
    inline custom_string format(custom_allocator alloc,
                                fmt::string_view format_str,
                                const Args& ... args) {
      return vformat(alloc, format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
    }

The allocator will be used for the output container only. Formatting functions
normally don't do any allocations for built-in and string types except for
non-default floating-point formatting that occasionally falls back on
``sprintf``.

.. _ranges-api:

Ranges and Tuple Formatting
===========================

The library also supports convenient formatting of ranges and tuples::

  #include <fmt/ranges.h>

  std::tuple<char, int, float> t{'a', 1, 2.0f};
  // Prints "('a', 1, 2.0)"
  fmt::print("{}", t);


NOTE: currently, the overload of ``fmt::join`` for iterables exists in the main
``format.h`` header, but expect this to change in the future.

Using ``fmt::join``, you can separate tuple elements with a custom separator::

  #include <fmt/ranges.h>

  std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
  // Prints "1, a"
  fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));

.. _chrono-api:

Date and Time Formatting
========================

``fmt/chrono.h`` provides formatters for

* `std::chrono::duration <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/duration>`_
* `std::chrono::time_point
  <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/time_point>`_
* `std::tm <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/tm>`_

The format syntax is described in :ref:`chrono-specs`.

**Example**::

  #include <fmt/chrono.h>

  int main() {
    std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);

    // Prints "The date is 2020-11-07." (with the current date):
    fmt::print("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", fmt::localtime(t));

    using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;

    // Prints "Default format: 42s 100ms":
    fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);

    // Prints "strftime-like format: 03:15:30":
    fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
  }

.. doxygenfunction:: localtime(std::time_t time)

.. doxygenfunction:: gmtime(std::time_t time)

.. _compile-api:

Format string compilation
=========================

``fmt/compile.h`` provides format string compilation support when using
``FMT_COMPILE``. Format strings are parsed, checked and converted into efficient
formatting code at compile-time. This supports arguments of built-in and string
types as well as user-defined types with ``constexpr`` ``parse`` functions in
their ``formatter`` specializations. Format string compilation can generate more
binary code compared to the default API and is only recommended in places where
formatting is a performance bottleneck.

.. doxygendefine:: FMT_COMPILE

.. _color-api:

Terminal color and text style
=============================

``fmt/color.h`` provides support for terminal color and text style output.

.. doxygenfunction:: print(const text_style &ts, const S &format_str, const Args&... args)

.. doxygenfunction:: fg(detail::color_type)

.. doxygenfunction:: bg(detail::color_type)

.. _os-api:

System APIs
===========

.. doxygenclass:: fmt::ostream
   :members:

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::windows_error
   :members:

.. _ostream-api:

``std::ostream`` Support
========================

``fmt/ostream.h`` provides ``std::ostream`` support including formatting of
user-defined types that have an overloaded insertion operator (``operator<<``)::

  #include <fmt/ostream.h>

  class date {
    int year_, month_, day_;
  public:
    date(int year, int month, int day): year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const date& d) {
      return os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
    }
  };

  std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date(2012, 12, 9));
  // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"

{fmt} only supports insertion operators that are defined in the same namespaces
as the types they format and can be found with the argument-dependent lookup.

.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::basic_ostream<Char> &os, const S &format_str, Args&&... args)

.. _printf-api:

``printf`` Formatting
=====================

The header ``fmt/printf.h`` provides ``printf``-like formatting functionality.
The following functions use `printf format string syntax
<https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html>`_ with
the POSIX extension for positional arguments. Unlike their standard
counterparts, the ``fmt`` functions are type-safe and throw an exception if an
argument type doesn't match its format specification.

.. doxygenfunction:: printf(const S &format_str, const T&... args)

.. doxygenfunction:: fprintf(std::FILE *f, const S &fmt, const T&... args) -> int

.. doxygenfunction:: sprintf(const S&, const T&...)

.. _xchar-api:

``wchar_t`` Support
===================

The optional header ``fmt/wchar_t.h`` provides support for ``wchar_t`` and
exotic character types.

.. doxygenstruct:: fmt::is_char

.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::wstring_view

.. doxygentypedef:: fmt::wformat_context

.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_wstring(const T &value)

Compatibility with C++20 ``std::format``
========================================

{fmt} implements nearly all of the `C++20 formatting library
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`_ with the following
differences:

* Names are defined in the ``fmt`` namespace instead of ``std`` to avoid
  collisions with standard library implementations.
* Width calculation doesn't use grapheme clusterization. The latter has been
  implemented in a separate branch but hasn't been integrated yet.
* Most C++20 chrono types are not supported yet.